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Stylocellus
ramblae, a new stylocellid (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) from Singapore, with a
discussion of the Family Stylocellidae
by
Gonzalo Giribet
ABSTRACT.
A new Stylocellus from Singapore, the smallest species
of the genus, is described and fully illustrated. The family Stylocellidae
is rediagnosed and emended to include the representatives of the
genera Miopsalis and Fangensis based on the results
of a phylogenetic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Giribet & Boyer 2002).
Keywords: Cyphophthalmi,
Stylocellidae, Stylocellus, Miopsalis, Fangensis, Leptosalis
How
spider anatomy and thread configuration shape the stickiness of
cribellar prey capture threads
by
Brent D. Opell
ABSTRACT.Cribellar
threads are primitive prey capture threads formed of thousands
of fine, looped cribellar fibrils that surround larger, supporting
fibers. Cribellar fibrils are produced from the spigots of an
abdominal spinning field, the cribellum, which may be either a
single, oval plate or a pair of medially divided plates. The number
of spigots on a spider's cribellum is known to be directly related
to the stickiness of its cribellar thread. Some spiders deposit
cribellar threads in their webs as taut, self-supporting linear
threads; others deposit looped threads along a supporting foundation
thread. This study showed that the looped cribellar threads of
Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae) and Mexitlia trivittata
(Dictynidae) were wider and stickier than linear threads produced
by Waitkera waitakerensis and Uloborus glomosus
(Uloboridae), respectively, that had the same numbers of cribellum
spigots. Linear cribellar thread spun from the divided cribellum
of K. hibernalis was both wider and stickier than linear
thread spun from the undivided cribellum of W. waitakerensis
that had the same number of spigots. A single cribellar plate
of K. hibernalis and the cribellum of Siratoba referena
(Uloboridae) had a similar number of spigots and produced cribellar
threads with similar stickiness. Thus, both a spider's spinning
anatomy and its spinning behavior affect the stickiness of its
cribellar threads.
Keywords: Cribellum,
spigot number, thread stickiness
Body
condition and mate choice in Tetragnatha elongata (Araneae,
Tetragnathidae)
by
Anne Danielson-François, Christine A. Fetterer & Peter
B. Smallwood
ABSTRACT.
The mate preference characteristics of adult Tetragnatha elongata
were assessed with respect to measures of female mass, linear
size (length), and condition (mass scaled by length: body condition).
Males preferred longer, heavier females and females with higher
body condition indices. When mass is partially controlled, males
still preferred females of higher body condition, but reversed
their preference for length and chose smaller females. We present
evidence that female body condition and mass are associated with
the volume of her egg load and the proximity of oviposition, whereas
female body length is not associated with either. Females displayed
no clear preference among males for mass or linear size, but were
reluctant to mate in female-choice trials. The small sample size
obtained may have obscured the detection of female mate preferences
if they exist. This may be the first evidence that mate choice
is influenced by body condition rather than mass or linear size
among spiders.
Keywords: Mate
choice, size, body condition, oviposition, Tetragnatha elongata
Population
dynamics of two species of kleptoparasitic spiders under different
host availabilities
by
Tadashi Miyashita
ABSTRACT.
Kleptoparasitic spiders are known to have a close association
with host spiders, yet there have been few studies demonstrating
how host availability influences the dynamics of kleptoparasites.
Field surveys were conducted at five sites differing in host composition
in sub-tropical areas in Japan, at about two-months intervals.
Argyrodes flavescens and A. bonadea were both found
more frequently on webs of two Nephila species than expected
from the web areas they occupied among webs of all web spiders.
Seasonal dynamics of Argyrodes changed greatly according
to whether N. clavata was present or not, indicating the
importance of Nephila on Argyrodes populations.
The peak density of A. bonadea came earlier than that of
A. flavescens. Because A. flavescens is known to
limit the number of A. bonadea on host webs, the decrease
in the density of A. bonadea may be due to the effect of
interspecific competition by A. flavescens.
Keywords: Interspecific
competition, parasite, Theridiidae, phenology
Lack
of task differentiation during prey capture in the group living
spider Stegodyphus mimosarum (Araneae, Eresidae)
by
Cheron Ainsworth, Rob Slotow, Tanza Crouch & Yael Lubin
ABSTRACT.Stegodyphus
mimosarum of the African savanna form communal nests consisting
of few to several hundred individuals and co-operate in nest construction
and maintenance, brood care and prey capture. We tested large
and small individuals for differential responses to different
prey risk types. To date, there has been no conclusive evidence
of tasking in these or other social spiders. If tasking occurs,
small spiders should approach and attempt to subdue less dangerous
prey items such as flies more often than the more dangerous prey
items such as bees. Hungry individuals were significantly more
willing to venture out of the nest refuge and thus accept the
costs associated with prey capture than were satiated spiders.
Apparent depletion of poison in previous prey captures did not
significantly affect an individual's response to a prey item.
Spiders treated more dangerous prey (bees) more carefully than
less dangerous prey (flies), but there was no difference in the
response of large versus small spiders to prey. The two-way interaction
between spider size and prey type was never statistically significant,
indicating a lack of tasking in this species.
Keywords: Foraging,
co-operation, social, communal
Cytogenetic
heterogeneity in common haplogyne spiders from Argentina (Arachnida,
Araneae)
by
Sergio Gustavo Rodriguez Gil, Liliana María Mola, Alba
Graciela Papeschi & Cristina Luisa Scioscia
ABSTRACT.
The spermatogenesis of four species of haplogyne spiders from
Argentina is analyzed. Dysdera crocota (Dysderidae) (n
5 5 1 X0) has holokinetic chromosomes, achiasmatic male meiosis
and a post-reductional division of the sex chromosome. Ariadna
boesenbergii (Segestriidae) (n 5 4 1 X0) also possesses holokinetic
chromosomes, but meiosis is chiasmatic and the X chromosome divides
pre-reductionally. Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae)
(n 5 11 1 X1 X2 0) and Scytodes globula (Scytodidae) (n
5 6 1 X0) have metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes, chiasmatic
meiosis and the sex chromosomes divide pre-reductionally. Kukulcania
hibernalis possesses a bimodal karyotype and a particular
chromatin coiling during prophase I, while Scytodes globula
has striking proximal localization of chiasmata. These results
show that Haplogynae present high cytogenetic heterogeneity: species
with holokinetic chromosomes as well as species with monocentric
chromosomes (metacentric and submetacentric), and species with
low diploid numbers, achiasmatic meiosis and proximal chiasma
localization.
Keywords: Haplogyne,
cytogenetics, meiosis
Validation
of a simple method for monitoring aerial activity of spiders
by
Pernille Thorbeck, Chris J. Topping & Keith D. Sunderland
ABSTRACT.
Many species of spider disperse by ballooning (aerial dispersal),
and indices of aerial activity are required in studies of population
dynamics and biological control in field crops where spider immigrants
are needed for pest suppression. Current methods (e.g., suction
traps, sticky traps, deposition traps) of monitoring aerial activity
are very labor-intensive, expensive, or require a power supply.
We tested Ballooning Index (BI), an alternative, simple method
utilizing inexpensive equipment. This method involved the monitoring
of spiders climbing an array of 30 cm tall wooden sticks placed
vertically in short turf. During a two-year study in arable land
in the UK, the incidence of spiders (mainly Linyphiidae) on sticks
was correlated with the numbers caught at 1.4 m and 12.2 m above
ground in suction traps. Climbing activity on sticks was greater
during the morning than in the afternoon, and this activity started
progressively earlier in summer than in winter. There was no seasonal
change in the proportion of spiders caught at the two heights
in suction traps. The pattern of catches (on sticks and in suction
traps) suggested strongly that the majority of ballooning spiders
dispersed by a number of short flights, rather than by a single
long flight, and that segregation of immigrants and emigrants
is not possible by any current method. The BI method appears to
be, however, a simple and reliable technique for monitoring the
overall aerial activity of ballooning spiders.
Keywords: Aerial
dispersal, ballooning height, seasonal variation, Linyphiidae,
Araneae
A
test for reproductive separation of alternative generations in a
biennial spider, Araneus diadematus (Araneae, Araneidae)
by
Jes Johannesen & Søren Toft
ABSTRACT.
In Denmark, two seemingly distinct size-classes, 3 rd and 4 th
instar juveniles and reproductive adults, of Araneus diadematus
are found during every breeding season in autumn, indicating a
non-overlapping biennial life-cycle. We tested the hypothesis
that alternate generations might experience a degree of reproductive
isolation, using the distribution of nuclear (allozyme) and maternal
(mtDNA) genetic markers. Individuals of a locality behaved as
belonging to a random mating population, irrespective of size.
No differences were found between any size-class pairs, within
and between 2 yr, or among geographically distant samples. Processes
that may lead to this result are discussed: the biennial development
may be incomplete; or there may be migrational influx of genes
from southern annual populations. There is no evidence for sexual
differences in life-cycle length.
Keywords: Araneae,
life history, biennial reproduction, mitochondrial DNA, allozymes
Estimation
of capture areas of spider orb webs in relation to asymmetry
by
Todd A. Blackledge & Rosemary G. Gillespie
ABSTRACT.
We examined the utility of several popular formulae used to estimate
the capture areas of orb webs across a large sample of Cyclosa
Menge 1866 and Tetragnatha Latreille 1804 webs. All formulae
evaluated contained at least some bias in estimation of the capture
areas of webs. We identified two types of asymmetry in orb webs
that affect capture area estimation differently. Web asymmetry
measures the ratio of the horizontal and vertical diameters of
orb webs while hub asymmetry measures the displacement of the
hub from the geometric center of a web. An analysis of model webs
that varied in web and hub asymmetry showed that most formulae
overestimated capture area as web asymmetry increased and that
some formulae also overestimated capture area as hub asymmetry
increased. Only the ''Ellipse-Hub'' formula was unaffected by
web and hub asymmetry. Although the ''Adjusted Radii-Hub'' formula
provided a slightly more accurate overall estimate of capture
area, we recommend that the ''Ellipse-Hub'' formula be used when
comparisons of capture area are made between taxa or individuals
that vary in web and hub asymmetry.
Keywords: Web
architecture, asymmetry, sticky silk, capture spiral, spider web
Acrographinotus
mitmaj, a new harvestman species from central
Peru (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae)
by
Luis Eduardo Acosta
ABSTRACT.
This paper presents the description of the new species, Acrographinotus
mitmaj (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae, Pachylinae). It can be easily
distinguished from its congeners by: male femur IV long and spiny,
devoid of the rows of tubercles and/or apophyses characteristic
of other nominal species in the genus; further, A. mitmaj new species bears a less developed median apophysis on the 3 rd
free tergite (larger armature in other species). Penis morphology
(especially concerning the ventral process of the stylus) agrees
with the generic diagnosis. Known localities of the new species
are restricted to the upper Río Cañete valley (Departamento
Lima, central Peru).
RESUMEN.
Se describe la nueva especie Acrographinotus mitmaj (Opiliones,
Gonyleptidae, Pachyli-nae). Ésta puede distinguirse fácilmente
de otras especies en el género por el fe´mur IV del
macho, largo y espinoso, sin las hileras de tubérculos
y/o apófisis que caracterizan a los otros Acrographinotus;
asimismo, A. mitmaj n. sp. presenta la apófisis
mediana del 3er tergito libre menos desarrollada (dicha apo´fisis
es mayor en otras especies). La morfología del pene (en
especial del proceso ventral del stylus) concuerda con la diagnosis
genérica. Las localidades conocidas de la nueva especie
se limitan al valle superior del Río Cañete (Departamento
Lima, Peru´ central).
Keywords: Opiliones,
Gonyleptidae, Acrographinotus, Peru´, Andes
New
species of Eremobatidae (Arachnida, Solifugae) from North America
by
Jack O. Brookhart & Paula E. Cushing
ABSTRACT.
Five new species of Solifugae are described from North America:
Eremobates chihuaensis, Eremobates gerbae, Hemerotrecha sevilleta,
Hemerotrecha cornuta, Eremochelis oregonensis as well as the
females of Eremocosta gigasella (Muma, 1970), and Eremobates
polhemusi Muma & Brookhart, 1988.
Keywords: Taxonomy,
solpugida, camel spiders, sun spiders, wind scorpions
Orobothtirus
atiquipa, a new bothriurid species (Scorpiones) from Lomas in southern Peru
by
José Antionio Ochoa & Luis Eduardo Acosta
ABSTRACT.
Orobothriurus atiquipa new species (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae)
from Lomas formations in the coastal desert of southern Peru´ is described and illustrated. This species belongs to the alticola
species-group, and within the group, it is closely related to O. alticola (Pocock), O. paessleri (Kraepelin) and
O. curvidigitus (Kraepelin). The spine formula (4 1 3)
on tarsi IIIIV is probably an autapomorphy for the new species.
Some features of the habitat (the Lomas formation are green isolates
in the coastal desert), as well as a distribution map are provided.
RESUMEN.
Se describe Orobothriurus atiquipa nueva especie de escorpión
Bothriuridae, colectado en una formación de Lomas en el
desierto costanero del Sur del Peru´. Esta especie pertenece
al grupo alticola; dentro de éste, las especies más
próximas son O. alticola (Pocock), O. paessleri
(Kraepelin) y O. curvidigitus (Kraepelin). La fórmula
de espinulación tarsal en patas IIIIV (4 1 3) es probablemente
una autapomorfia de la nueva especie. Se presentan también
algunos datos del habitat de O. atiquipa (las formaciones
de Lomas son verdaderos parches de vegetación dentro del
desierto costero), así como un mapa de distribucíon.
Keywords: Scorpiones,
Bothriuridae, Orobothriurus, Peru´, Neotropics
Redescription
of Metacleobis fulvipes Roewer from Brazil (Solifugae, Mummucidae)
by
Lincoln Suesdek Rocha & Eliana Marques Cancello
ABSTRACT.
The species Metacleobis fulvipes Roewer 1934 (Solifugae,
Mummuciidae), previously known only from the male holotype, is
redescribed based on the holotype and other male and female specimens.
Illustrations of the main diagnostic characters are provided,
and new occurrences of this species in Brazil are reported. Some
behavioral observations of one individual kept in a terrarium
are given.
RESUMO.
A espécie Metacleobis fulvipes Roewer 1934 (Solifugae,
Mummuciidae), conhecida previamente apenas pelo holótipo
macho, é redescrita a partir do holótipo e de outros
exemplares machos e fêmeas. Ilustraçõ es dos
principais caracteres são fornecidas e novas ocorrencias
da espécie no Brasil são registradas. São
descritas observaçõ es comportamentais feitas a
partir de um indivíduo mantido em terrário.
Keywords: Solifugae,
Solpugida, Mummuciidae, taxonomy, Brazil
A
cladistic analysis of the cyphophthalmid genera (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi)
by
Gonzalo Giribet & Sarah L. Boyer
ABSTRACT.
A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Cyphophthalmi is undertaken
by studying 32 morphological characters in 43 species representing
all families and most genera. The analysis is comple-mented with
a molecular analysis using 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequence data
of twelve cyphophthalmid species representing ten genera. The
Cyphophthalmi are monophyletic, as are the families Stylocellidae
and Pettalidae. However, the families Sironidae, Ogoveidae, and
Neogoveidae are not monophyletic. Relationships among families
need more data, but molecular characters strongly support the
monophyly of Troglosironidae + Neogoveidae. Rooting the cyphophthalmid
tree by using sequence data of one Eupnoi, one Dyspnoi, and one
Laniatores results in two alternatives, one proposing a sister
group relationship of Stylocellidae to the remaining taxa, or
alternatively Pettalidae (with Suzukielus?) as sister group
of the remaining cyphophthalmids. The position of Troglosiro,
Suzukielus, Metasiro, Huitaca, and the epigean ''Neogovea''
mexasca are re-evaluated and discussed.
Keywords: Cyphophthalmi,
systematics, molecular data, morphological data, cladistics
The
African spider genus Singafrotypa (Araneae, Araneidae)
by
Matjaz Kuntner & Gustavo Hormiga
ABSTRACT.
The African spider genus Singafrotypa Benoit is redescribed
and transferred from the tetragnathid subfamily Nephilinae to
the araneid subfamily Araneinae. Cladistic analysis of the matrix
of Scharff & Coddington (1997) with the addition of two Singafrotypa
species supports this new placement. Singafrotypa acanthopus
Simon, the type species of the genus, is described along with
two new species: Singafrotypa okavango new species from
Botswana, and Singafrotypa mandela new species from South
Africa. Singafrotypa goliath Benoit is transferred to Neoscona
Simon (Araneidae, Araneinae).
Keywords: Araneae,
Singafrotypa, Neoscona, Araneidae, Araneinae, Nephilinae, Tetragnathidae,
cladistics, Africa
The
copulatory organs of the cryptic species Lycosa carbonelli and
their hybrid progeny, with notes on their taxonomy (Araneae, Lycosidae)
by
Miguel Simó, Rosina Seguí & Fernando Pérez-Miles
ABSTRACT.
The copulatory organs of the cryptic species Lycosa thorelli
and Lycosa carbonelli are studied and are shown to exhibit
some differences. The morphology of the epigynum, vulva and palpal
organs of L. carbonelli are here described for the first
time. Additional morphological data of these species are provided
and the specific diagnosis reformulated. Measurements indicated
that the copulatory organs of L. carbonelli are larger
than L. thorelli. Morphological comparison between the
parental species and the hybrid progeny show that hybrids are
intermediate in morphology and size. The reproductive isolation
in these cryptic species and the inheritance of the sexual characters
in the hybrid progeny are discussed.
Keywords: Lycosa
carbonelli, L. thorelli, copulatory organs, taxonomy, hybrids
Adult
size of eight hunting spider species in central Amazonia: temporal
variations and sexual dimorphisms
by
Thierry Ray Gasnier, Clarissa Salette de Azevedo, Martha Patricia
Torres-Sanchez & Hubert Höfer
ABSTRACT.
We studied temporal variation in adult size and sexual size dimorphism
(SSD) of seven hunting spider species, Ctenus amphora, C. crulsi,
C. manauara, C. villasboasi (Ctenidae), Phoneutria fera,
P. reidyi (Ctenidae), and Ancylometes rufus (Pisauridae)
in a tropical rainforest, and one species from a relatively open
vegetation habitat, C. minor, in central Amazonia. Size
variation was great within and among field trips. Spiders were
generally smaller in October (end of dry season) when compared
with other months: adults of C. amphora, C. crulsi and
C. manauara were significantly smaller in October 1995
when compared to February 1996; P. fera were smaller in
October 1998 than in June 1998; and A. rufus were smaller
in October 1998 than in August 1998. The temporal variation in
size is possibly a result of low prey availability during the
dry season. Six species had significant differences in prosoma
length between males and females: C. amphora, C. crulsi, C.
manauara and C. minor had larger males (which is considered
rare in spiders), and P. reidyi and P. fera had
larger females. However, considering an alternative index of size,
the ''rough area'' (an approximate measure of the area of the
spider as seen from above), the males were significantly larger
for all species (up to 2.8 times in C. minor), because
they have longer legs relative to their prosoma length. We suggest
that selection for high mobility may be the reason for adult males
with longer legs, and that the smaller species had higher degrees
of sexual dimorphism in leg length because of the relative size
of obstacles in the leaf litter.
RESUMO.
Estudamos a variação temporal de tamanho de adultos
e o dimorfismo sexual de tamanho de sete espécies simpátricas
de aranhas errantes, Ctenus amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara,
C. villasboasi (Ctenidae), Phoneutria fera, P. reidyi
(Ctenidae), e Ancylometes rufus (Pisauridae) em uma floresta
tropical u´mida, e uma espécie em um habitat de vegetação
relativamente aberta, C. minor, na Amazonia Central. A
variação de tamanho foi grande dentro e entre excurso"es
de coleta. As aranhas foram geralmente menores em outubro (final
da estação seca) comparado com outros meses: adultos
de C. amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara e C. minor
foram significativamente menores em outubro de 1995 comparado
a fevereiro de 1996: P. fera foram menores em outubro de
1998 do que em junho de 1998 e A. rufus foram menores em
outubro de 1998 do que em agosto de 1998. A variação
temporal em tamanhos observada e´ possivelmente um resultado
de baixa disponibilidade de presas durante a estação
seca. Seis espécies tiveram diferenças significativas
em comprimento do cefalotórax entre machos e femeas, C.
amphora, C. crulsi, C. manauara e C. minor tiveram
machos maiores (o que é considerado raro em aranhas), P.
reidyi e P. fera tiveram femeas maiores. Entretanto,
considerando um índice alternativo de tamanho, a ''área
aproximada'' (uma medida da área da aranha em vista superior),
os machos foram significativamente maiores em todas as espécies
(até2,8 vezes em C. minor), porque eles te m pernas
mais longas em relaç ão ao tamanho do cefalotórax.
Nós sugerimos que uma seleç ão para alta
mobilidade pode ser a razão paramachos com pernas maiores,
e que as menores espécies tem maior dimorfismo sexual no
comprimento das pernas devido ao tamanho relativo dos obstáculos
na serapilheira.
Keywords: Ancylometes,
Ctenus, Ctenidae, Phoneutria, Pisauridae, seasonality, sex ratio,
sexual-size-dimorphism, wandering spiders
Chemosensory
response to prey in Phiddipus audax (Araneae, Salticidae)
and Pardosa milvina (Araneae, Lycosidae)
by
Chad D. Hoefler, May Taylor & Elizabeth M. Jakob
ABSTRACT.Many
predators exploit the chemical signatures of prey when foraging.
We present a comparative study designed to test if the foraging
behavior of Phidippus audax (Hentz 1845) is manipulated
by substrate-borne chemicals left by prey. Our findings suggest
that foraging P. audax do not use chemical cues left by
prey, while the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Hentz 1844)
in the same experimental setup does respond to chemical cues.
However, further examination into the role of chemical cues on
prey detection in salticids is required.
Keywords: Salticidae,
Lycosidae, foraging, chemical cues
Hawaiian
spiders of the genus Tetragnatha: IV new, small species in
the spiny leg clade
by
Rosemary G. Gillespie
ABSTRACT.
This study continues documentation of the adaptive radiation of
species in the genus Tetragnatha in the Hawaiian archipelago.
The five new species described here are representatives of the
'spiny-leg' clade, most representatives of which have already
been described. The new species are T. kukuiki, T. kikokiko,
T. anuenue, T. kukuhaa, and T. obscura. The species
described are found in various different habitat types from low
(e.g., 550 m on Oahu) to middle elevations (1660 m on Hawaii),
and from dry to very wet forest types. As with other representatives
of the clade, they are nocturnal hunters, do not build webs, and
move actively around the vegetation.
Keywords: Hawaii,
Tetragnatha, spiny, descriptions
A
new species of Pseudotrogulus Roewer and assignment of the
genus to Hernandariinae (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
by
Carlos Leandro Firmo & Ricardo Pint-da-Rocha
ABSTRACT.
Pseudotrogulus funebris, new species, is described from
Estação Biológica de Paranapia-caba (Santo
André, State of São Paulo, Brazil). P. funebris
differs from other species of the genus by the presence of a large
number of tubercles on area I close to the median groove, area
III with tubercles concentrated in the median region, tergite
III with a large rhomboid tubercle and tarsus III-IV with 8 articles.
Pseutrogulus is newly transferred to Hernandariinae based
on the following characteristics: 1) median-anterior tubercles
on anterior margin pointing upwards; 2) large tubercles on lateral-anterior
mar-gin; 3) eye mound with two tubercles upward.
Keywords: Hernandariinae,
Neotropics, Opiliones, Pseudotrogulus
Notes
on the foraging behavior of the Brazilian cave harvestman Goniosoma
spelaeum (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)
by
Flávio H. Santos & Pedro Gnaspini
ABSTRACT.
Goniosoma spelaeum (Mello-Leita"o 1932) hide in caves
during the day and leave periodically after dusk to forage, moving
mainly vertically (towards the canopy). When stopped, individuals
of all developmental stages often showed the behavior of cleaning
appendages. To hunt, some specimens remained for several hours
in a static posture with all legs spread out, radially disposed.
In a less frequently used hunting position the body is used as
a ''web'' i.e., the animal is supported by two opposing leaves,
leaving its body between them, while legs II are kept free in
the air and moving constantly. The first position possibly increasing
the chance of meeting a possible prey by creating a larger area
of contact, and the second especially by intercepting flying insects.
Food items observed being taken in nature include: noctuid lepidopterans,
tipulid and nematoceran dipterans, ascalaphid neuropterans, and
isopods. They also infrequently use their chelicerae to chew on
the rim of leaves and/or pieces of moss, with no ingestion of
plant matter. Therefore, this behavior is probably related to
drinking.
Keywords: Goniosoma,
hunting behavior, foraging behavior, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae
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